In 2013, the UNESCO Institute for Statistics surveyed manufacturing firms that were active innovators to ascertain the extent to which they partnered with universities and public research institutes to develop new products and processes. The survey found that the great majority of firms did not interact with public research institutions at all. In the 31 high-income countries surveyed , university'industry ties were lowest in Australia (1.4% of firms), the UK (4.7%) and Italy (5.3%). Less than 10% of firms in a further eight countries reported collaboration with universities, namely Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Malta, New Zealand, Portugal, the Russian Federation and Spain.
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